Ever shared an observational finding only to be challenged for overstating it? In this concise lesson you’ll learn to distinguish association from causation in RWE and to craft precise, publication‑ready phrasing and disclaimers that reflect study design and threats to inference. You’ll find a clear conceptual roadmap, method‑to‑language mappings, real‑world sentence templates and examples, plus practice exercises to apply hedging and checklist items for manuscripts and abstracts. The tone is practical and scholarly—geared to help you write with the clarity and discipline reviewers and decision‑makers expect.